In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the Monferrato. mission was terminated on June 8, 1779. During the reign of the Medici, which transformed the Republic of Florence into the Duchy of Florence and then the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Renainssance started. These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (German: Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von sterreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 1771 - 30 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. Francesco had little interest in governing his realm, instead participating in scientific experiments. In 1688, another 6 galleys and 860 soldiers joined the fray. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 18017). The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state. [59] The Council of Two Hundred was a petitions court; membership was for life. Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. On Livorno, he implanted a law of freedom of religion. The preponderance of small vessels among the prizes indicates that most of the trophies were easy victories. [8], The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. Tuscany's economy is very varied, ranged from wine-making to heavy industry, passing through tourism, food industry, mining and tourism. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent and sovereign state in 1776 when the United States declared independence from Great Britain. He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying Johanna of Austria. Tuscany passed to another son, Leopold,[48] through secundogeniture. Florence became a fiefdom of Spain on 1557, but it conserved its independence. Despite this, both countries appointed representatives and established diplomatic offices until 1860 when the Grand Duchy was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. The first series was planned by Lord Acton and edited by him with Stanley Leathes, Adolphus Ward and George Prothero. Leopold was succeeded by Ferdinand III. In addition to its regular army, the duchy maintained a citizen-militia. into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. Unfortunately, he had to go back to Rome as the Pope had just died, and he had to attend to the conclave. HISTORICAL COATS OF ARMS OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF TUSCANY House of Medici. Tuscany is richer than most of the nations on Italy, having more than five times the GDP of the United Papal States, about three times that of the Emirate of Sicily and about two times of that of Apulia, while only Lombardy and Piedmont have a larger GDP. His second son Ferdinand became ruler of the Grand Duchy. [2] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. [46] On July9 1737, Gian Gastone died; the last male Medici of the Grand Ducal line.[47]. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. representative, Ralph Izard, was never officially received Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}43N 11E / 43N 11E / 43; 11. All unauthorized edits may be reverted on the admin's discretion. Transl. His affinity for Austria was equally unpalatable. 8 of them around 1610 floated a total of 200 guns. [12] Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was in theory an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). Despite his merits, most his subjects still dismissed him as a foreigner. Together they had two children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, in 1660. The fear that the Emperor would impose conscription on the duchy caused 2% of the population to flee to the Papal States. The grand duke Leopold II agreed to ratify a liberal constitution in 1848. (sometimes spelled as Feliechy), who was stationed at Leghorn (Livorno) from The negotiations had been between Spain and France, and the Etrurian regent was kept entirely in the dark, only being informed that she would have to leave her young son's kingdom on 23 November 1807. He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Medici Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. In 1608, they intercepted a Turkish convoy of 42 vessels off Rhodes, seizing 9 and netting 600 slaves and a booty of 1 million ducats, equivalent to two years of revenue for the whole grand duchy. Tuscany entered into a great period of stability and tolerance. Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. [27] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. In Leopold's years Italy was engulfed in popular rebellion, culminating in the Revolutions of 1848. Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. By going to the ballot box, the The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. Tuscany, Benjamin He imposed crippling taxes while the country's population continued to decline. [29], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Urban VIII in 1643. In 1572 the Tuscan navy consisted of 11 galleys, 2 galleasses, 2 galleons, 6 frigates, and various transports, carrying in all 200 guns, manned by 100 knights, 900 seamen, and 2,500 oarsmen. In 1643, during the Castro War, the Tuscan army was between 5,000 and 10,000 good troops, including foreign mercenaries but not including militia. They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone.[61]. The Florentines were victorious because of the Venecian interference in the pro-Florentine side. Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. At the end of the Habsburg period, the Italian peoples, who still thought of the Habsburg as invaders, and the Medici survivors, started rebelling against the Habsburg on the Duchy. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. On July9 1737, Gian Gastone died; the last male Medici of the Grand Ducal line. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "Cosimo I | duke of Florence and Tuscany [15191574]", "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico", "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the early years of the American Revolution, the Continental Congress to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777, the U.S. The earliest of such office in the Tuscan port of Leghorn Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed Alessandro de' Medici, ruler of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture.". The Peace of Villafranca allowed Leopold to return once more. [3] Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. On 1569, Cosimo de'Medici was further elevated into the Grand Dux of Tuscany. This made the Papal States and Florence to be in a personal union, and he placed his brother Giuliano de'Medici, as the ruler of Tuscany. Cosimo contemplated restoring the Republic of Florence, a decision that was complicated by the Grand Duchy's feudal status: Florence was an Imperial fief, Siena a Spanish one. A provisional republic was established in his stead. The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. The Tuscans despised the new occupying "Lorrainers", as they interfered with the Tuscan government, while the occupying Spaniards had not done so. Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. [57] Pope Clement VII willed his relative Alessandro de' Medici to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. The Golden Florin was made, the first gold-based coin made on great quantities since the Byzantine 7th century coins, enough to play a significant roll on commerce on the trade routes based on Florence. the President, Visits by Foreign Heads These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. On one moment, a revolution started on Florence itself. Smallpox vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter on inoculation against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents was founded. Among the commanders of the detachment were three of the grand duke's brothers; two died and one, Mattias de'Medici, became general of artillery and served for a decade. It was also known by the Greeks as "Tyrhennia" because of the Tyrhennian Sea. The Cambridge Modern History is a comprehensive modern history of the world, beginning with the 15th century Age of Discovery. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. [19] Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. All three contingents suffered high casualties, a third for the first two and over half for the third. [22] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources. They were divided because the stato nuovo was a Spanish fief and the stato vecchio an Imperial one. He revamped the taxation and tariff system. For the medieval duchy of Tuscany, see March of Tuscany. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. The earliest of such attempts was in 1784 when U.S. War broke up on the early 15th Century. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. [11] Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. prior to Tuscanys incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. Great publishing were made, such as Niccol Machiavelli's the Prince, and the many pieces of the finest artwork by Tuscan artists, such as Michelangelo and Da Vinci. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). [24] Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and hog-spears, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. Arms (1815-1848, 1849-1860) Coat of Arms (1815-1848, 1849-1860) Great Coat of Arms (1765-1800, 1815-1848, 1849-1860) SVG development Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology, and had several hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Pitti. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign didn't last long; the House of Habsburg-Lorraine was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August 1859.[54]. [16], Francesco had little interest in governing his realm, instead participating in scientific experiments. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and It was only with Austrian assistance that Leopold could return to Florence. Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to be wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty. Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. [7] Italy was unified in 1870, when the remains of the Papal States were annexed in that September, deposing Pope Pius IX. to serve Florence was Vice Consular Agent James CosimoI died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. In 1815 the Duchy of Lucca was carved out of Tuscany as a temporary compensation for the Bourbons of Parma, until in 1847 where it was returned to Tuscany. In 1731, the Powers gathered at Vienna to decide who would succeed Gian Gastone. 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