The landmass is nearly 5.5 million square miles and is the 5th largest continent globally. [126], Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine phytoplankton. It is also the world's highest, driest, windiest, coldest, and iciest continent. The treaty regulates the international relations between all countries to . A large number of islands surround Antarctica. The pristine wilderness of snow is home to a large variety of polar wildlife. The few terrestrial vertebrates are limited to the sub-Antarctic islands. How many countries are in Antarctica? [140], Despite these protections, the biodiversity in Antarctica is still at risk from human activities. This picture is taken from the area where I went to high school. The decades that followed saw further exploration in French, American, and British expeditions. The treaty went into effect in 1961 and had been signed by 54 nations as of 2021. [134] The overfishing of krill (an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. [148] on 27 January 1820,[149][note 4] The sighting happened three days before Bransfield sighted the land of the Trinity Peninsula of Antarctica, as opposed to the ice of an ice shelf, and 10 months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The area was later administered as a Norway protectorate area in 1939. [22] The most prominent exceptions to this are the islands of the Kerguelen Plateau, the earliest of which formed around 40 Ma. The United States played a major role in negotiating this Treaty, which was signed in Washington, and [] [204] Argentina, Australia, Chile, and Russia also have a large scientific presence on Antarctica. [167] Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. Kassandra, Greece. The continent of Australia is the smallest of the seven continents.List of Countries in Australia. 450-1100)-language text, Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022, Geographical articles missing image alternative text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 04438E to 13611E, and 14202E to 16000E, 8000W to 7400W claimed by Chile (1940), 7400W to 5300W claimed by Chile (1940) and Argentina (1943), 5300W to 2500W claimed by Argentina (1943), 8000W to 7400W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908), 7400W to 5300W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Argentina (1943), 7400W to 5300W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Chile (1940), 5300W to 2500W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908), This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 23:26. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. Its landmass is almost wholly covered by a vast ice sheet. After a strong campaign from environmental organisations, first Australia and then France decided not to ratify the treaty. Countries and dependencies of the world in alphabetical order from A to Z and by letter, showing current population estimates for 2016, density, and land area Retrieved November 3, 2020. Some nature conservation groups have expressed concern over the potential adverse effects caused by the influx of visitors and have called for limits on the size of visiting cruise ships and a tourism quota. Antarctica is the largest desert in the world. Whether youre starting your day off with delicious vegan OK, youve been saving up your cash and now youre ready to go to Asia to chill, eat some killer food, relax, and maybe Europes Best Airline 2011-2016 and 18th best airline in the world in 2018 according to Skytrax rating, Turkish Airlines still raises the question of 6 Under-the-Radar Caribbean Islands to Visit, Happiness, Mapped: 5 Places in The United States That Make This Scandinavian Smile, 4 Spooky Spots to Visit This Halloween in the US, Things I Noticed Have Changed in Norway Since Last Time I Visited, 8 Things to Do in Georgetown, South Carolina, 4 Things I Saw at a Country Flea Market in America Last Week, How to Find Extremely Cheap Last Minute Flights. [68] A lower air temperature of 94.7C (138.5F) was recorded in 2010 by satellitehowever, it may have been influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2m (7ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records. Antarctica is a continent located at the furthest southern reaches of the globe. [161] Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the south Polar Plateau. [112] The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}6mm (14in) in size. Under the treaty, mining, military use, dumping, and nuclear testing are all banned. Generally, Antarctica is peacefully shared for research and exploration. In many places, continental ice sheets extend from the continent forming massive ice shelves. Being so important for the stability and cooperation of countries of Antarctica, the treaty deserves a special mention here: No acts or activities taking place while the present treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica. Practice Your Photography. [14], Antarctica is divided into West Antarctica and East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, which stretch from Victoria Land to the Ross Sea. Send a message [70], Antarctica is a polar desert with little precipitation; the continent receives an average equivalent to about 150mm (6in) of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. [182] Spain claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the South Pole, with eastern and western borders to these claims specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas and Zaragoza respectively. Its formation began during the Archean Eon (4,000Ma2,500Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period. Ash from eruptions has been found 300 kilometres (190mi) from the volcanic crater. ", "World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring ProjectReport No. Often described as a continent of superlatives, Antarctica is not only the world's southernmost continent. In 1985, British scientists, working on data they had gathered at Halley Research Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf, discovered a large area of low ozone concentration over Antarctica. [95][99] Increased ice outflow has been observed in some regions of East Antarctica, particularly at Wilkes Land. Ognian chervonets. [122], The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. [195] Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol;[196] the self-regulatory body for the industry is the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period. [122], The simplified morphology of such fungi, along with their similar biological structures, metabolism systems capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. Antarctica means "in front of the north". [21] There are numerous islands surrounding Antarctica, most of which are volcanic and very young by geological standards. This list of Antarctic countries and list of Antarctic capitals is listed in alphabetical order. [106] The extreme cold conditions of Antarctica allow polar stratospheric clouds to form. This is a sub-region in Antarctica that lies between the Bellingshausen Sea and the Ronne Ice Shelf. Since it was instituted, the treaty has grown to include 54 parties, most of which have established research bases on the continent. The area received its name after the wife of Richard E Byrd, the first naval officer to explore the region in the 20th century. How many countries in Antarctica continent No Countries, but 7 nations want a piece Seven nations from around the globe lay claim to different parts of the continent. [190], Deposits of coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold, and other minerals have been found in Antarctica, but not in large enough quantities to extract. The Highest point is Vinson Massif, which measures at 4,897 m. There is no native population in Antarctica, only visitors during the summer and scientists. The Roman authors Gaius Julius Hyginus and Apuleius used for the South Pole the romanised Greek name polus antarcticuscode: ell promoted to code: el ,[6] from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern ple antarctiquecode: fra promoted to code: fr ) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik, found first in a treatise written by the English author Geoffrey Chaucer. File:Chervonets (Russian America).svg. On the other hand, it shies away from denouncing the claims that are already in place. [137] The Madrid Protocol bans all mining, designating the continent as a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science". [187], The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. [194], Tourists have been visiting Antarctica since 1957. Antarctica contains all four of Earth's South Poles: the Geographic South Pole, the Geomagnetic South Pole, the Magnetic South Pole, and the South Pole of Rotation. All but a small portion of the region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. There are no countries in Antarctica. The Eastern side of Antarctica is higher than the West. Since then, the coverage of Antarctic sea ice has decreased rapidly. OGD. The Balkan Peninsula, as defined by the Soa - Vipava - Krka - Sava - Danube border. Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. Antarcticus is derived from the Greek - ('anti-') and ('of the Bear', 'northern'). This is a group of islands situated in the Southern Ocean 604 kilometers north of the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctica is the only continent in the world uninhabited by Homo sapiens. [59], East Antarctica is geologically varied. In the age of globalization and new technologies it is significant to know geography of other countries especially their capitals. It is one of the world's coldest and driest placestemperatures there may reach as low as 90C (130F), and the annual precipitation is 13cm (0.391.18in). If all of this ice were melted, global sea levels would rise about 58m (190ft). The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on Yamana Beach at the South Shetland Islands. On 14 December 1911, an expedition led by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. Countries on the African Continent List of all countries in Africa: Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon This inlet of the Antarctic Peninsula is also a great place to enjoy whale sighting, from humpback and killer whales to the orcas. The treaty system defines what countries involved may or may not do and this mostly boils down to demilitarization of the continent. [94] The continent is losing mass due to the increased flow of its glaciers toward the ocean. [35] Synapsids (also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as Lystrosaurus, and were common during the Early Triassic. Here is a list of the Study abroad programs in Antarctica, that is Ice & ice-movement Ice & ice-movement course in Antarctica is a highly regarded course program. [142] Cook came within about 120km (75mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. [11], Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the world), Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. [115] The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by seal hunters from the United States and the United Kingdom. This region is prone to katabatic winds, which drive sea ice away from the coastline. Theres no need for Antarctica countries, just Antarctican scientists and research stations! The U.S.: 50 States Printables - Map Quiz Game: With 50 states total, knowing the names and locations of the US states can be difficult. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the colder Neogene (172.5Ma), a tundra ecosystem replaced the rainforests. The Antarctic also includes island territories within the Antarctic Convergence. [60] It is built on a craton of rock, which is the basis of the Precambrian Shield. [1] Despite these regulations, illegal fishingparticularly of the highly prized Patagonian toothfish which is marketed as Chilean sea bass in the U.S.remains a problem. Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. They even put a meteorological station in the region. The Chinese in Antarctica; Antarctic Bases. Well, making it look like these countries actually have claim over the land. Several dependent territories include sub-Antarctic islands north of 60S. The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. It was there, on Antarctica, that scientists from a large number of countries came together to learn about the world and the universe. The ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. [1], Geologists primarily study plate tectonics, meteorites, and the breakup of Gondwana. This Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities was adopted in 1988. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, the Sahara, occupying the 25% of the total area of . They are: New Zealand Australia France Norway UK Chile Argentina So what interest do they have taking a piece of this remote continent? With so many different fields requiring a decent amount of regulation in order for all these countries to coexist and focus on science rather than causing conflicts, the need arose for an all-encompassing system to fulfill that role. Brazil currently has a "zone of interest" but not an actual claim. Some of the most common permanent stations are led by countries such as Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Germany, and Italy among others. [135], In analogy to the 1980 treaty on sustainable fishing, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. For Australia and New Zealand, see, Temperate conditions near the coast in December, The warming trend for Antarctica from 1957 to 2006, based on the analysis of, Conservation and environmental protection, The word was originally pronounced with the first. [32] After deglaciation during the latter half of the Early Permian, the land became dominated by glossopterids (an extinct group of seed plants with no close living relatives), most prominently Glossopteris, a tree interpreted as growing in waterlogged soils, which formed extensive coal deposits. While Antarctica has never had a permanent human population, it has been explored by various groups, and many locations on and around the continent have been described. [51] The Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated the continent. I think thats Halloween is a time to let loose and try something new. Click to view the TCC countries and territories displayed on an interactive Google map. 359. As you can probably tell, its located on We dont all have the luxury of an unlimited cash supply. Growth Rate. The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection. [25] There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which could pose a risk to the ice sheet if activity levels were to rise. Still, seven countries have territorial claims Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom but those claims are largely ignored. vThe United States, Peru, Russia, and South Africa have all reserved their right to claim territory in the future. Choose New & profitable buyers from 0 Lvds cable importers in Antarctica based on import shipments till Jan - 23 with Price, Supplier, Qty, Ph, Email & Linkedin He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the, colonized structural cavities within porous rocks, first international agreement to protect Antarctica's biodiversity, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities, Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, "Highlights from the Bartholomew Archive: The naming of Antarctica", "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica", "The Lost Dry Valleys of the Polar Plateau", "Origin and Evolution of the Sub-Antarctic Islands", "Bunbury Basalt: Gondwana breakup products or earliest vestiges of the Kerguelen mantle plume? Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, retired in 1931. 1. A full collapse would likely not take place unless warming reaches between 2 and 3C (3.6 and 5.4F), and may occur within centuries under pessimistic assumptions. [168][note 6] In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Brge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. Some of the research stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. [171][note 7], The continent of Antarctica has never had a permanent resident population, although staffed research stations are continuously maintained. Antarctica's climate is extremely cold and dry, making it difficult to inhabit and colonize. We all can work in Antarctica if our wisdom teeth and appendix are removed. The Treaty entered into force on 23 June 1961; the 12 signatories became the original 12 consultative nations. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. The region covers 2,000 square kilometers and consists of ice-free land along the coastal areas. The trend was at a scale unprecedented over the last 600 years; the most dominant driver of the mode of variability is likely the depletion of ozone above the continent. From within the United States: 1-888-407-4747. [118] The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the Adlie penguin breed farther south than any other penguin. NA. East Antarctica was at the equator, where seafloor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. The Languages Of Antarctica An alternative five-continent model is the one adopted, among others, by the Olympic Charter, which excludes Antarctica as uninhabited and lists the following five: Africa . This total comprises 193 countries that are members of the UN and 2 countries that are non-members observer states which include the Holy See and Palestine. 1. It covers 50millionkm2 (19millionsqmi) and completely surrounds the Antarctic continent. They searched for a more poetic replacement, suggesting names such as Ultima and Antipodea. In an increasingly chaotic world, sometimes you just want to get away from it all. There are also over 20 species of liverworts and mosses and 30 species of lichens. The 10 Best Romantic Getaways in Tennessee Mountains, What is the Best Time to Visit Shillong and Cherrapunji, Nicaragua in October: Weather, Places to Visit & Things to Do, The Top 9 Budget Hacks for Long-Term Travelers, 7 Things That You Should Do When You Are in Tucson, Best Places to Visit in Europe when you are on a Budget. Mount Aconcagua, located in the Andes Mountains in Argentina near Chile is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere. 58: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2018", "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Antarctic sea-ice expansion and Southern Ocean cooling linked to tropical variability", "Antarctic Bestiary Terrestrial Animals", "The different breeding strategies of penguins: a review", Comptes rendus de l'Acadmie des Sciences, "Long term movements and activity patterns of an Antarctic marine apex predator: The leopard seal", "Non-lichenized fungi from the Antarctic region", "Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert", "Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica", "The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains", "Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say", "Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok: first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants", "The Search for Earth-Like Habitable Planet: Antarctica Lake Vostok May be Jupiter's Europa", "Source Environments of the Microbiome in Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica", "Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Microbial Extremophiles in Polar Environments", "A snapshot of biodiversity protection in Antarctica", "Protocol on Environmental Protection To The Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol)", "Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable: Expanding Antarctica's protected areas", "The bones that could shape Antarctica's fate", "The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world", "Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts", "Dates in American Naval History: October", "Brge Ousland: How I crossed Antarctica alone", "Fastest unsupported (kite assisted) journey to the South Pole taking just 34 days", "Flock of Antarctica's Orthodox temple celebrates Holy Trinity Day", Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, "Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System: is it time for a reform? 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