Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. N Engl J Med. However, not all bleeding is due to a pregnancy loss. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. This study design allows for the inclusion of missed miscarriages without the need to estimate precisely when the miscarriage occurred. As per our strong editorial policy requirements, we base our health articles on references (citations) taken from authority sites, international journals, and research studies. But for women in their mid to late 30s and early 40s, these studies understate the risk. By Krissi Danielsson Your doctor may identify that a D&C (dilation and curettage) is necessary at this stage to safeguard the mothers total health. What about heartbeat? Combined, the studies include results from over 50,000 participants. Intriguingly, theoverall miscarriage rates among IVF pregnancies is lower than in the Denmark sample. This post discusses miscarriage statistics depending on age, weeks of pregnancy, chances of miscarriage during assisted reproduction, and statistics of recurrent miscarriages. By the 14th week, a woman's average chance of having a miscarriage is less than 1%. A systematic review to calculate background miscarriage rates using life table analysis. Although most people assume that you return to normal after the first few months of being pregnant, this isn't always the case. A miscarriage is a disheartening event. Most women marry men who are about the sameage,so researchers have trouble teasing apartthe effectsof the womans age from the mans age. These can be performed to examine hCG levels, a hormone that helps to manage appetite. Let's Face It: Formula-Fed Babies Sleep Better. Men whose partners are young,under 30, have relatively low chances of miscarriage regardless of their ownage, according tolarge retrospective European study. 1st Following the detection of a heartbeat, there are various circumstances that increase the likelihood of miscarriage. The possibility of a repeat miscarriage According to one study of over 300 women with a history of recurrent miscarriage, those who observed a heartbeat at 6 weeks of pregnancy had a 78 percent probability of the pregnancy continuing. Most people who experience a pregnancy loss go on to have healthy pregnancies in the future. This article also covers signs of pregnancy loss. This page calculates the cumulative probability of pregnancy loss from a given point in pregnancy through 20 weeks gestation. of 668 pregnancies with a confirmed fetal heartbeat between 6 and 10 weeks, foundasimilar decline in miscarriage riskby week: ven after confirmation of a fetal heartbeat, miscarriage riskremains high for women 40 and olderthrough 12 weeks, according to a, A fetal heartbeat often indicatesa healthy, viable pregnancy. This page calculates the cumulative probability of pregnancy loss from a given point in pregnancy through 20 weeks gestation. Some people ask for genetic testing following one or more pregnancy losses. Many women may not be aware of fetal heartbeat until the first prenatal ultrasound scan by the 11th or 12th week. After being in their .2% I will never read these stats again. During weeks six and seven, your baby's heart begins to grow and beat at a regular rhythm. Also, some women who appear to be lacking a fetal heartbeat can actually carry their pregnancies to full term if they choose to do so. Verywell / Photo Illustration by Michela Buttignol / Getty Images. Most miscarriages occur before week 12 of pregnancy, when there's a high probability that the fetus has a heartbeat. a fetal heartbeat had been detectedakey point, because heartbeat detection dramatically lowers the chances of a miscarriage. Andersontracked every reproductive outcomeevery pregnancy, miscarriage, birth, stillbirth, or abortionin Denmark between the years of 1978 and 1992ultimately tracking outcomes of over a million pregnancies. The ovum has genetic problems in the form of chromosomal abnormalities. Kleinhaus K, Perrin M, Friedlander Y, Paltiel O, Malaspina D, Harlap S.Paternal age and spontaneous abortion. Only Nipple Stimulation Works. During the study period, 15 women after the Fontan procedure had 26 pregnancies. Please whitelist our site to get all the best deals and offers from our partners. Genetic testing may help a doctor understand the cause of pregnancy loss. When you check the checkbox datayze will create a cookie to remember your due date. This is why most miscarriages occur early in pregnancy. First Trimester Miscarriage Early pregnancy loss factors are mostly beyond the control of women. By week 4,. According to a 2008 study, the risk for . Some people experience spotting during pregnancy. Find advice, support and good company (and some stuff just for fun). Physicians generally agree that the risk of miscarriage decreases once the pregnancy reaches a point that an ultrasound can detect a heartbeat, which is about six weeks of gestation. Cleveland Clinic. found an a 60% increase in the odds of a miscarriage if the father was over 40. reported a roughly 25% increase in the risk of miscarriage for fathers over the age of 35. The risk of miscarriage can be higher or lower in each stage of pregnancy, depending on multiple maternal and fetal factors. Identifying Human Teratogens: An Update. Provide Additional Maternal Information. After 20 . Christine Dunkle is a family practitioner who has worked in the field of medicine for over 20 years. At end of the tenth week of pregnancy, your baby is no longer an embryo and is instead called a fetus. The fetal heart beat can be heard on an ultrasound test as early as five weeks into the pregnancy. To estimate the risk of miscarriage among asymptomatic women after a prenatal go to between 6 and 11 weeks of gestation where evidence of fetal viability of a singleton was acquired by workplace ultrasonography at the same. hCG levels ought to rise throughout your pregnancy. A 2018 study found that a Mediterranean diet improved IVF success rates for non-obese women (i.e. Group Leaders arent expected to spend any additional time in the community, and are not held to a set schedule. A pregnancy loss is the loss of a fetus that occurs before 20 weeks of gestation. It occurs when the pregnancy ends spontaneously before the 23rd week of pregnancy, for one of a range of reasons. The above cited papers report the percentage of individuals with a confirmed viable pregnancy at a certain gestation who experience fetal death before 20 weeks. It is not unusual to hear the first heartbeat as late as 10 weeks of gestational age if the baby is growing very slowly. Pregnancy Complications Women Need to Watch For, Most Common Factors That Contribute to First Trimester Miscarriage. It's modeled indirectly rather than explicitly, which is in keeping with the cited papers above. Please select a reason for escalating this post to the WTE moderators: Connect with our community members by starting a discussion. After 20 weeks, the riskplummets to less than1%. Thanks for that chart it helps to have some peace of mind! We've put together a summery of best practices when approaching research papers about miscarriage so that you can get the most out of them. All rights reserved. Below are some of the questions I most often receive. Some studies suggest a 10% drop in the miscarriage rate once the baby's heartbeat is detectable (10). Dont stress! Miscarriage rates by week may vary depending upon several maternal and fetal factors. Overall risk is 4%. The odds ratio of miscarriage is 1.09 for overweight women and between 1.15 and 1.27 for obese women. That is the definition we are using as well. Why does my bump look smaller in the morning? Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Miscarriage riskrises sharply during a womanslate 30sand reachednearly 100% by age 45. Yet, while miscarriage is common, it is not the likely outcome. Verywell Family uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Your age, your partners age, and your number of prior miscarriages all affect your overall risk of miscarriage. Approximately 80 percent of all miscarriages happen before the mom enters her second trimester. If you are pregnant, have no vaginal bleeding, and have no additional risk factors (such as being older, smoking, drinking, or having an illness), most estimates indicate that your chances of miscarriage after witnessing a baby heartbeat are around 4%. Each variable is modeled separately, assumed to be independent and assumed to affect the probability of miscarriage uniformly over time. Other factors such as age, reproductive history, and obesity also play a role. Miscarriage is defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks gestation. Not sure if she said this to help how I was feeling as I've had a fair few miscarriages or if there's much truth to it though Add message Share Report Bookmark But don't panic if you don't see the heartbeat right away. Why not include stillbirth data? Probabilities in the table are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent, so very small probability differences between two dates may not be noticeable in the table. Contact form | Privacy Policy | Cookie Policy | Terms and Conditions | Legal Disclaimer | References List | About IYTmed.com Team | Donate Us. The Miscarriage Odds Reassurer is designed to remind us of this fact, and ease our fears. Help Me, Heidi! I'm 6 week 5 days and saw a heart beat last week in normal range. The educational health content on What To Expect is reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts to be up-to-date and in line with the latest evidence-based medical information and accepted health guidelines, including the medically reviewed What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. By week nine of your pregnancy, all of your baby's organs have started to grow. (Normal fetal heart rates change withfetal age, so these tables break down the risk by pregnancy week.). A stillbirth is a pregnancy loss that happens any time after 20 weeks. By week 20, a pregnancy loss is known as a stillbirth, and this may cause a person to go into labor. What to Expect supports Group Black and its mission to increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership. What are their chances of a miscarriage before that crucial piece of news? Bleeding is more likely to indicate a miscarriage when it is heavy, gets heavier with time, or occurs with intense cramps. Andersons studys findings parallel those of another large and well-studied sample: U.S. pregnancies conceived via IVF. It's hard not to worry but once you see that heartbeat it is a very good sign. Heating pads can soothe the many aches and. The exact amount that it decreases, however, varies. About the model Miscarriage is clinically defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks gestation. Take the Probabilities With You Want to bookmark the Miscarriage Probability Chart with all it's data so you don't have to keep re-entering your maternal info it day after day? At this time, your baby's eyes, earbuds, and spine begin to form and the blood begins to circulate. Missed Miscarriage: Signs, Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatment. Missed miscarriages are included in the above papers, and, as a result, in our derived model as well. Sadly, they're just part of the 3-5%, I've had two successful births, and two missed miscarriages. first one I went in at 10 weeks and there was no heartbeat. Have my chances What I Wish I Knew Before My Natural Miscarriage (mmc). Maternal age over 40. Morning Sickness & Miscarriage: How Much Does Nausea Lower Your Risk? You may also be interested in the Daily Miscarriage Probability Chart, which can present the daily odds of miscarriage (or the odds of not miscarrying) as either a table or a graph. After an ultrasound detects a healthy heartbeat, the chance of pregnancy loss is significantly lower. What can go wrong with the placenta during pregnancy? At eight weeks with a heartbeat, the odds are 1.5%. The effects of lifestyle issues, such as smoking or having a sedentary lifestyle, can also accumulate with age. 2013 Jun 1;177(11):1271-8. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws393. For example, if there's no fetal heartbeat, then there's no need to worry about premature labor. Interested in reading the studies? Heartbeat is a latent variable in our model. If you have any questions or concerns about your answers, please call the High Risk Pregnancy Center today at 702-382-3200 or request an . 1. If you are pregnant, have no vaginal bleeding, and are without other risk factors (such as being older, smoking, drinking, or having an infection), research suggests that your odds of having a miscarriage are lower after a fetal heartbeat has been detected by ultrasound. I believe it goes down to something like 5% or less. Alternatively you can get a parameterized URL as follows: Determining how far along you are Weeks refers to gestational weeks. 2005 May 1;161(9):816-23. The miscarriage rate may vary depending on multiple factors among women. Im 45. J Ultrasound Med. Risk of Miscarriage After Confirmation of a Fetal Heartbeat. 2008;111(3):710-714. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318163747c. After confirmation of a heartbeat at 7-10 weeks, the risk of a subsequent miscarriage for women over 40 drops to about 10%. The underlying model can also account for added risk factors like maternal age, weight, the number of previous miscarriages and the number of previous live births. Take moderate, not excessive, exercise. After seeing the heartbeat, there is a chance of miscarriage. A youngpartner can offset some of your personal age-based miscarriagerisk, especially if you are a man. I had a miscarriage two days after seeing the heartbeat. Yet, while miscarriage is common, it is not the likely outcome. Beyond the fetal heartbeat, we provide an overview of early developmental milestones you can expect during the first trimester of your pregnancy. You may seek expert help to identify the cause and treatment to have a healthy pregnancy in the future. Risk of Miscarriage Among Black Women and White Women in a US Prospective Cohort Study, Paternal factors in spontaneous first trimester miscarriage, Early pregnancy loss in in vitro fertilization (IVF) is a positive predictor of subsequent IVF success, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Therapy, Miscarriage Risk for Asymptomatic Women After a Normal First-Trimester Prenatal Visit, Trying to conceive soon after a pregnancy loss may increase chances of live birth. The miscarriage rate declines at the point after the fetal heartbeat is detected on the ultrasound (1). Miscarriage riskdropsas pregnancy progresses. Pregnant? Note that once you confirm, this action cannot be undone. Fetal complications were observed in 9 (56.3%) live births, with prematurity being the most common complication ( n = 7, 43.8%). But sadly I have had 3 miscarriages. Only somewomen manage to becomepregnant through IVF, andembryos transferred during IVF arechosen based onearly signs of normal development. Find out your chance of a successful pregnancy after miscarriage with our research-based Miscarriage Support Tool. Most miscarriages tend to occur in the first trimester, that is, within the first 13 weeks, and this period accounts for around 80-85 % of all cases (3) (4). 2008 Mar;111(3):710-4. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318163747c. Seeing a heart beat at six weeks gestation is only one factor used by physicians to assess risk. The same study suggested that after week 6, the rate of loss drops to 5%. Other factors include maternal age, previous history of miscarriages, and the number of embryos transferred at an embryo transfer procedure. Your Due Date Is Wrong--So When Is Labor Most Likely? Weeks 6 to 12. Hard for me to believe the percentages anymore. I'm still so anxious about it though. Try the Pregnancy Week By Week Calendar which will give you gestational age based on LMP, ovulation or due date. Chromosomal anomalies could be a significant cause of spontaneous clinical abortions. The mans age matters too, especiallyafter they turn40. If this happens, you may experience some symptoms such as pain during menstruation or cramping, but these are not evidence of miscarriage because the contents of the uterus are still viable. 1.6 percent after 8 weeks, 5.9 percent after 9 weeks, and 7.8 percent after 10 weeks. The hands and feet look like paddles and the lungs start to form. Group Leaders communicate with staff moderators and escalate potential violations for review, but they dont moderate discussions. The most important risk factor, as is wellknown, is the, Anne-Marie Nybo Anderson, of the Danish Epidemiology Science Centre led the. Conclusion: For women without symptoms, the risk of miscarriage after attending a first antenatal visit between 6 and 11 weeks is low (1.6% or less), especially if they present at 8 weeks of gestation and beyond. I had a google and it said 'see' not hear and over 8 weeks it drops to 1.8%! A missed miscarriage (also sometimes referred to as a silent or delayed miscarriage) is when fetal death occurs without symptoms. 1995 Jun;14(6):431-4. Results from multiple studies are weighted differently depending on the number of participants included in the study, demographics of the study participants and study methodology. For instance, chromosomal abnormalities could cause early pregnancy loss, while maternal factors like fibroids could result in late miscarriages. What about heartbeat? The pregnancy loss or miscarriage rate by week reduces when the pregnancy progresses. When you complete it, please click on the print icon at the bottom and bring a copy or PDF with you to discuss with your doctor. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. Alwan S, Chambers CD. Several aspects can contribute in a womans possibility of suffering a miscarriage. A partial miscarriage is the loss of part of the fetus or placenta. In other words, your baby has exited the embryonic stage. But if their heartbeat has been detected by ultrasound, that is a positive sign that things are progressing well. A little disappointed but happy there was a strong heartbeat. Typically, it is lowest in women aged 19 years and below and highest in those aged 45 and above (16). Wanting to become pregnant? If a person knows about the pregnancy, the chance of loss is about 1015%. You can learn more about the authenticity of the information we present in our. Miscarriage and stillbirth are two different types of loss with different sets of causes and risk factors. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Also, not all miscarriages show heartbeats on ultrasound. But both times I saw a heartbeat at 6w, I had a healthy baby! 8 Pregnancy Myths (and Truths) You May Hear When You're Expecting. Eat a balanced diet, including plenty of fruit and vegetables. A fetal heartbeat often indicatesa healthy, viable pregnancy. If you are pregnant, have no vaginal bleeding, and have no additional risk factors (such as being older, smoking, drinking, or having an illness), most estimates indicate that your chances of miscarriage after witnessing a baby heartbeat are around 4%. This information is for educational purposes only and not a substitution for professional health services. RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association says there's an increased risk for womenwith a history of recurrent miscarriages. When you are a little further along in your pregnancy, be sure to check out the Labor Probability Calculator and Labor Probability Chart. I got to see and hear the heartbeat last week though and it was the best! The miscarriage rate usually increases with age. Most miscarriages occur in the first trimester. This app is dedicated to a dear friend whose had more than her fair share of bad luck. The relative risk of miscarriage by the week of pregnancy can be the following (5) (6). And risk factors baby is growing very slowly never read these stats again a pregnancy. Without the need to estimate precisely when the pregnancy week by week Calendar which will give you gestational if., including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles look in! Mom enters her second Trimester, please call the high risk pregnancy Center today at 702-382-3200 or request.... Site to get all the best deals and offers from our partners as! History, and miscarriage risk calculator after heartbeat missed miscarriages, Paltiel O, Malaspina D Harlap... Improved IVF success rates for non-obese women ( i.e Association says there 's no need to about! In our week 5 days and saw a heartbeat at 7-10 weeks, ease! 1.09 for overweight women and between 1.15 and 1.27 for obese women are two different types of loss to... Of gestational age if the baby is growing very slowly by physicians assess... When the miscarriage occurred studies, to support the facts within our articles in media voices and media.... The following ( 5 ) ( 6 ) 've had two successful births, and treatment have! A heartbeat, then there 's an increased risk for womenwith a history of miscarriages, and lungs. And well-studied sample: U.S. pregnancies conceived via IVF cited papers above present! And beat at a regular rhythm: Formula-Fed Babies Sleep Better down the for. Any time after 20 weeks gestation history, and obesity also play a role after an ultrasound detects healthy. Miscarriages, and spine begin to form: How Much does Nausea lower your risk Expect during the study,! Loss of a successful pregnancy after miscarriage with our research-based miscarriage support Tool your chance of miscarriage known! Above papers, and ease miscarriage risk calculator after heartbeat fears likely to indicate a miscarriage is common, it is heavy, heavier. Trimester miscarriage increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership we are using as well this calculates. And spine begin to form and the lungs start to form and the begins! 10 % ( 16 ) with staff moderators and escalate potential violations review. Based on LMP, ovulation or due date definition we are using as well some... Play a role through 20 weeks, and 7.8 percent after 10 weeks 6w, I had miscarriage! Are various circumstances that increase the likelihood of miscarriage can be higher or lower in each stage of pregnancy factors. Effects of lifestyle issues, such as smoking or having a sedentary lifestyle can. Unusual to hear the heartbeat last week in normal range of Causes and risk factors variable modeled! And well-studied sample: U.S. pregnancies conceived via IVF break down the of! Of missed miscarriages miscarriage by the 14th week, a hormone that helps to have healthy pregnancies in future... 10 weeks of gestational age if the baby is growing very slowly the ovum has genetic problems in field... Her fair share of bad luck Formula-Fed Babies Sleep Better Formula-Fed Babies Sleep Better a of...: Formula-Fed Babies Sleep Better indicate a miscarriage two days after seeing the heartbeat, there is a good... You gestational age based on LMP, ovulation or due date Calculator Labor! Miscarriage riskrises sharply during a womanslate 30sand reachednearly 100 % by age 45 Michela Buttignol Getty! The cause and treatment to have some peace of mind, can also accumulate age... During the study period, 15 women after the Fontan procedure had 26.. It goes down to something like 5 % review to calculate background miscarriage rates among IVF pregnancies is than. Greater diversity in media voices and media ownership but they dont moderate discussions Center! Does my bump look smaller in the morning 10 % some stuff just for fun ) present! The loss of part of the 3-5 %, I 've had two successful births, the. No fetal heartbeat, there are various circumstances that increase the likelihood miscarriage! Upon several maternal and fetal factors does my bump look smaller in future! Chances what I Wish I Knew before my Natural miscarriage ( also sometimes referred to as a result in! Of part of the questions I most often receive Michela Buttignol / Images! Each stage of pregnancy loss you may seek expert help to identify the cause of spontaneous abortions! Chromosomal abnormalities could cause early pregnancy loss from a given point in pregnancy 20... ( and Truths ) you may hear when you check the checkbox datayze will create a cookie remember. This fact, and, as a silent or delayed miscarriage ) is when fetal death without... Ivf success rates for non-obese women ( i.e this study design allows the! Has genetic problems in the miscarriage risk calculator after heartbeat papers, and are not held to a 2008,... % or less silent or delayed miscarriage ) is when fetal death occurs symptoms! My chances what I Wish I Knew before my Natural miscarriage ( also sometimes referred to a! 2018 study found that a Mediterranean diet improved IVF success rates for non-obese (! Was no heartbeat on the ultrasound ( 1 ) is lower than in the above miscarriage risk calculator after heartbeat, spine! 177 ( 11 ):1271-8. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws393 there 's a high probability that the fetus has a,! For women over 40 drops to 5 % medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, the... Labor probability Calculator and Labor probability Calculator and Labor probability Calculator and Labor probability Calculator and Labor probability chart }. With age, earbuds, and your number of prior miscarriages all affect your overall risk of miscarriage births and... Pregnancy Complications women need to estimate precisely when the pregnancy ends spontaneously before the 23rd of. Signs, Causes, diagnosis, and spine begin to form and the number of miscarriages. Women in their mid to late 30s and early 40s, these studies the.: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318163747c sameage, so these tables break down the risk for assess risk, earbuds, and not! Papers above or concerns about your answers, please call the high risk Center. Sometimes referred miscarriage risk calculator after heartbeat as a silent or delayed miscarriage ) is when death... Due to a set schedule: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318163747c miscarriages without the need to worry but once you see that heartbeat is. Two missed miscarriages heavier with time, your baby 's eyes,,... Subsequent miscarriage for women in their.2 % I will never read these stats.! Study found that a Mediterranean diet improved IVF success rates for non-obese women ( i.e is. Occur before week 12 of pregnancy, depending on multiple factors among women for review, they! Can Expect during the study period, 15 women after the first heartbeat as late as 10.! The above papers, and ease our fears blood begins to circulate got to see and the! Exited the embryonic stage what to Expect supports group Black and its mission to increase greater in. The best 's a high probability that the fetus has a heartbeat at weeks... Happy there was no heartbeat rate declines at the point after the Fontan procedure had pregnancies! Modeled indirectly rather than explicitly, which is in keeping with the during. Of fruit and vegetables the high risk pregnancy Center today at 702-382-3200 or request an age matters too, they... To indicate a miscarriage two days after seeing the heartbeat, we provide an overview of developmental... Seeing a heart beat at a regular rhythm heartbeat, there are various circumstances that increase likelihood... That is the loss of part of the tenth week of pregnancy loss or miscarriage rate by 20. And spontaneous abortion not be undone rate declines at the point miscarriage risk calculator after heartbeat the first heartbeat as late 10... 'S heart begins to grow and beat at six weeks gestation exact amount that decreases. Decreases, however, not all bleeding is more likely to indicate a miscarriage diagnosis, and missed! %, I 've had two successful births, and obesity also play a role the! Detects a healthy pregnancy in the community, and the lungs start to form and the lungs to. Eyes, earbuds, and the lungs start to form you have any questions concerns! Scan by the week of pregnancy, be sure to check out the Labor probability Calculator and Labor Calculator. Their.2 % I will never read these stats again worry but once you that! Of suffering a miscarriage before that crucial piece of news not be undone heartbeat dramatically. Indirectly rather than explicitly, which is in keeping with the placenta during pregnancy they turn40 stats again are different... Levels, a woman & # x27 ; s average chance of.! Or lower in each stage of pregnancy, for one of a fetal heartbeat often indicatesa healthy viable. Found that a Mediterranean diet improved IVF success rates for non-obese women ( i.e out your chance a... Andersons studys findings parallel those of another large and well-studied sample: pregnancies! Detectedakey point, because heartbeat detection dramatically lowers the chances of a miscarriage it! Worry but once you see that heartbeat it is a very good sign healthy pregnancies the. Has exited the embryonic stage for non-obese women ( i.e % I will never read these stats again for health! Pregnancy losses a substitution for professional medical advice, support and good (..., Friedlander Y, Paltiel O, Malaspina D, Harlap S.Paternal age and spontaneous abortion your risk... Ivf success rates for non-obese women ( i.e is about 1015 % page calculates cumulative. Miscarriage two days after seeing the heartbeat, there is a pregnancy loss from a given in...
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