The First Nations interpreted the loss of the buffalo to be the general famine covered under the famine clause of Treaty 6, and many observers in the North-West agreed. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Families had the ability to break away from their current band and join another elsewhere. It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. Thank you for helping us make the university website better. How long does it take to become a CNA in Tennessee? When Sweet Grass died in 1877 his son was left to hold together the Band who followed his father. During discussions, Gov. This treaty was called the Great Law of Peace of the People of the Longhouse and predates the year 1450. Morris knew that he was offering more than the government would have wanted, but he felt it necessary to finalize the deal. Aboriginal has been an umbrella term used by Canadians and Canadian institutions for convenience. Big Bear stands tall in the memory of the Cree Nation as a proud and truly visionary leader who fought against the forces of Canadian colonialism and ultimately suffered for his Nation. Recognize Edmonton sits within Treaty No. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. [10], The Cree were located in the plains of Canada. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass & seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. [22] The attempted raid went wrong as Sweet Grass and Big Bear nearly stumbled upon Blackfoot main camp. For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. It covered 117 articles, including the establishment of a code of law and form of government between the five nations. This propelled him to work with the Canadian and eventually sign Treaty Six. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. Beardys main concern was the rapid loss of the buffalo and he could not see how the treaty provisions would be able to compensate for such a loss and way of life for the Plains First Nations. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. They believed that the land was sacred. They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a, Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. George McDougall and North West Mounted Police (NWMP) Inspector Crozier brought presents to give to the Cree, but Big Bear refused them, telling them they did not want presents until the treaties were finalized. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (see Indigenous Territory), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile2 (about 2.5 km2) per family of five. what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow., Negotiating the Terms: Friday August 18, 1876, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (, The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. They continued to deliberate for the next two days. Indigenous people were forced to choose between living on reserves, receiving a fixed amount of money every year for the rest of their lives and trying to assimilate and lose their status. per family of five. [29] Naturally, this angered many indigenous communities who were more inclined to fight back than work with the government. Jill St. Germain, Indian Treaty-making Policy in the United States and Canada, 186777 (2001). First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. What were the main terms of Treaty 6? They hunted in the same territory and would often hunt and camp together. . Sweet Grass understood the sacrifices that needed to be made for the bettering of the band. By signing an adhesion to a treaty, Indigenous peoples who could not attend or were not initially included in treaty negotiations were able to enter into the terms of that treaty. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Due to missionaries moving into the interior, there was more significant pressure to convert to European religions, which many Cree did. Chief Weekaskookwasayin (Sweet Grass) permitted Morris to explain those terms to the congregation. The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. (Ray, Miller, and Tough 143). Sadly, in the face of starvation and the inevitable settlement of their lands, Little Pine eventually signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 on July 2, 1879. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. Gov. After the ceremony, Morris explained that the government sent him to Fort Carlton to create an agreement with the Cree that would endure as long as that sun shines and yonder river flows. In order to do so, however, he required all of the chiefs and community leaders in the area to be present. While it sometimes would go to the eldest son of the previous chief, an incompetent man would not be given the position. With encroaching settlers and other indigenous groups, the dwindling of traditional hunting,[45] and disease rampant,[46] Sweet Grass and his band of Cree were desperate for support. In addition, a medicine chest was to be stored at the house of the Indian agent on the reserves, and rations were to be awarded in times of famine and pestilence.. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. We want cattle, tools, agricultural implements, and assistance in everything when we come to settle- our country is no longer able to support us. [7] There is no record of whether Sweet Grass and his mother took part in this ceremony. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [40] Whenever a Cree war party was formed to go hunting in Blackfoot territory, caution had to be exercised, especially after the threat had been established. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. However, Morris told the Cree that they would find themselves crowded by settlers unless they settled on reserves. [2] Due to this, Sweet Grass was not Cree and was Crow. The federal government was not interested in negotiating a treaty at this time, believing that it was not essential, even though local missionaries and government agents tried to convince them otherwise. They believed that the land was sacred. Some of the Chiefs and their people were hunting on the prairies and the ones that were present wanted to wait for the others while a message was sent for them to attend the meeting. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (, ), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile. ) The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. [26] In 1852 the priest Father Lacombe moved to the Red River Colony with plans to live with the Metis and Cree. If they were convinced of guilt the council would pass sentence, normally either execution or compensation in goods and land. That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. [20] It was not uncommon for there to be more than one chief who would have various levels of prestige. At this point Erasmus was asked to translate for both sides, with the Chiefs supporting him. We never shed any white mans blood, and we have always been friendly with the whites, and want workmen, carpenters and farmers to assist us when we settle. An example of this would be when Sweet Grass and Big Bear assembled 18 Cree warriors that attempted to raid Blackfoot hunting territory. Some were away, including Cree chief Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear). They believed that their people would suffer if they did not negotiate a treaty with the federal government. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. 6 territory. Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. I for one will take the hand that is offered. Ahtahkakoop supporting his fellow Chief and said, Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice (Stonechild and Waiser 17). [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. There are 2051 registered band members (as of Dec. 31/2019), 749 people live on reserve which includes non-first nation people as well as people from other first nations. [7] This ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age of one. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). Website Development Studio. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. By participating, the leaders also took an oath to be truthful during the proceedings. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. Treaty 7 lands (courtesy Victor Temprano/Native-Land.ca). Dickieson, Mistahimaskwa referred to the treaty as a dreaded rope to be about my neck. Mistahimaskwa was not referring to a literal hanging (which is what some government officials had believed), but to the loss of his and his peoples freedom, and Indigenous loss of control over land and resources. The Chiefs that were present waited for other Chiefs and their followers to arrive, but Big Bear, Sweetgrass, and Little Pine were hunting on the prairies at the time. The great peace of Montreal was between: New France and indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America. The Government of Canada held Big Bear responsible, convicted him of treason-felony, and sentenced him to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary. [8] Children did not wear much clothing and boys wore nothing until the age of five. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. After resisting sending children into the Canadian school system, the Cree living on the reserve received no food rations, until they capitulated. Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. [54] Those who signed Treaty Six argue that understanding the treaty can only be understood when put into a context of the discussions that occurred during the treaty-making process. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) ( c. 1815 - on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. What was the Indigenous perspective of treaty 6. agreement between sovereign nations. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 periods of Arctic settlement, Innovations of Dorset and Thule Culture, Characteristics of Thule Culture and more. Chief Minahikosis (Little Pine) and other Cree leaders of the Saskatchewan District were also opposed to the terms, arguing that the treaty provided little protections for their people. When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Ruperts Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibweand Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal governments intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. The band had instead sent a messenger to attend the negotiations. Treaty 6 peoples also actively participate in the Idle No More movement. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. The perpetrators of the massacre would be apprehended and tried for murder and hung in 1885.[51]. Treaty 7 was signed in 1877. We want you to stop the Americans from coming to trade on our lands, and giving firewater, ammunition, and arms to our enemies the Blackfeet. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. On August 22, 1921, Chief Monfwi, representing all Tlicho, signed Treaty 11 with Canada. Some, but not all, locals met them. It was required to distinguish themselves during a war, as a provider, and as a generous giver to gain this position. The raid of horses on the Blackfoot may have been an attempt to prove his worth to the tribe and seek their acceptance. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. You comment will be forwarded to the editor of this page. What Treaty 6 peoples are close to Edmonton? [47] This would be Sweetgrass's last significant influence on his people, as he would die shortly after signing the Treaty. It was a tough decision to make. This is unlikely, especially considering there is no specific mention of this in the commissioners notes and because this concept would have been completely foreign to the Plains Indigenous peoples, who had a different understanding of land ownership than the commissioners (see Indigenous Territory). [9] Children did not spend much time with their parents growing up, rather with their grandparents. [8] Sweet Grass childhood most likely went against this Cree norm because of his Mother's capture. Thank you to the University of Regina Press for providing these resources to share with the community. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. He wanted to know why he was not notified of the meetings as he was out hunting on the plains. A picture of Sweet Grass is in the archives of the Glenbow Museum. Who negotiated Treaty 6? The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. How Canada fulfilled its obligations was critical and it appeared to the First Nations that they made a mistake in surrendering their lands and way of life to become farmers. Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. However, he was too late; the treaty had already been signed. On September 9, the Chiefs and Headmen signed their approval to accept Treaty 6. Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). Not only did smallpox devastate the First Nations populations but the buffalo herds were declining rapidly. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. For example, in May 2008, the Beaver Lake Cree Nation in Alberta filed a lawsuit against the provincial and federal governments because proposed oil, gas, forestry and mining activities threatened their rights to hunt and fish on treaty lands; the case is still ongoing. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The specific word used was stragglers which gave the impression that the government did not see these people as any more than falling behind in Canada's idealized picture of what life of Indigenous people would be. Many people would leave the reserve due to government policies to limit food rations. [18] Chiefs within Cree society were chosen by the consent of the band. The group would then move to capture Fort Pit. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (, On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. Treaty making (as evidence by the Wampum belts) demonstrates that indigenous people felt. Historians Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough have argued that this ceremony was significant to the Cree because it invited the Creator to provide guidance to the negotiators and to witness the treaty discussions. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The Treaty of Waitangi Claudia Orange Google Books. We heard our lands were sold and we did not like it; we dont want to sell our lands; it is our property, and no one has the right to sell them. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. [37] What Treaty 6 did deliver was more division and segregation between European settlers and Indigenous people. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. Chief Sweet Grass' legacy remains as the prime negotiator in the meetings for the signing of Treaty 6 before being integrated into Canadian society. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. Erasmus and the other two translators translated to the people the terms of the treaty one more time. Morris would not agree to meet anywhere other than the planned meeting place at the Fort. The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. Website Design by M.R. The government wanted tribes to become more democratic in its governing of the reserves and rely less on the chiefs who traditionally were the leaders of the community. Different tribes of the Cree held their own stories and traditions passed down orally through the generations. The written treaty ceded roughly 130,000 km of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. [30] Another was that the government should stop supplying weapons to the Blackfeet who were his tribe's enemy. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown. I for one will take the hand that is offered. Ahtahkakoop supporting his fellow Chief and said, Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice (, The First Nations further negotiated terms not promised in earlier treaties, such as: the, assistance in times of calamity and pestilence, The last day of the Treaty negotiations at Fort Carlton took place on August 23, 1876. This has led to conflict over the clauses of the agreement. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (, In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. The Indigenous leaders then held council for the rest of the day. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. (, A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. There were a lot of doubts and heavy conversations among the First Nations, they were not convinced that this new way of life would be able to sustain them into the future. Buffalo hunting and fur trading were a vital part of Cree survival. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. Like the earlier agreements this treaty called on the natives to surrender their aboriginal title to the lands they inhabited In return they were promised reserves education and farming supplies and the right to hunt trap and fish as well as annual cash payments. Once the amendments were made to the treaty text, negotiations came to a close. Sweetgrass is also one of the herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets. The Dominion of Canada bought Ruperts Land for the sum of 300,000 pounds from the Hudsons Bay Company on March 8, 1869 and at the same time the Crown transferred North West territories to Canada. Is Edmonton on Treaty 6 land? At the beginning of 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains. Are Siksika Blackfoot? [3] Moreover, Big Bear was part Ojibwa which meant both chiefs were not completely Cree. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. The government had two interpreters; Reverend McKay, who knew Swampy Cree and Saulteaux, and Peter Ballenden, who was a good interpreter in small groups but did not do so well in large group settings. Led to conflict over the clauses of the band had instead sent a messenger to attend negotiations... Spiritual and physical survival ( Price 20 ) share with the Canadian and eventually sign treaty Six Nations... Editor of this page of horses on the Blackfoot may have been an attempt to prove his worth the! This angered many indigenous communities who were more inclined to fight back than work the... ( as evidence by the British Crown were presented as well as treaty.! Necessary cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category yet. Took part in this ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age five! To accept treaty 6 1885. [ 51 ] be sold ( Christensen 146 ) your! 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