Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. The volcano erupted without much warning which meant that there could have been little time for evacuation . While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). 1). Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. Learn. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. Incandescent spatter erupted along a crack in the earth, scorching the soil as small lava fountains illuminated the dark landscape. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. As evidenced by the results presented here and by Bird et al., (2018), compliance with evacuation orders can be attributed to: trust in the information source; recency of community meetings regarding a potential eruption (i.e., people were able to easily retrieve relevant information from memory); and, a strong desire to abide by social norms (normative beliefs). The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. 4). It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. . 08 July 2021. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 ADS But I would not be afraid. Correspondence to In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. We still live with ash storm when the wind is blowing (S). An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. CAS The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. (7 marks) This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. . Long Term. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Often causes fires. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. That would worry us. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. Created by. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. Population of Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystra by age and sex. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. But an eruption does not worry us. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. I think thats what most everyone did. You have to know what is around you. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. 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